Hashes

Hashes map keys to values, maintaining the order of the entries according to insertion order.

Syntax

Hashes are written as a pair of curly braces {} containing any number of key-value pairs. A key is separated from its value by an arrow (sometimes called a fat comma or hash rocket) =>, and adjacent pairs are separated by commas. An optional trailing comma is allowed between the final value and the closing curly brace.

{ key1 => 'val1', key2 => 'val2' }
# Equivalent:
{ key1 => 'val1', key2 => 'val2', }

Hash keys can be any data type, but generally, you should use only strings. Put quotation marks around keys that are strings. Don't assign a hash with non-string keys to a resource attribute or class parameter, because Puppet cannot serialize non-string hash keys into the catalog.

{ 'key1' => ['val1','val2'], 
  'key2' => {  'key3' =>  'val3',  }, 
  'key4' => true,
  'key5' => 12345,
 }

Accessing values

Access hash members with their key inside square brackets:

$myhash = { key       => "some value",
            other_key => "some other value" }
notice( $myhash[key] )

This example manifest would log some value as a notice.

If you try to access a nonexistent key from a hash, its value is undef:

$cool_value = $myhash[absent_key] # Value is undef

Nested arrays and hashes can be accessed by chaining indexes:

$main_site = { port        => { http  => 80,
                                https => 443 },
               vhost_name  => 'docs.puppetlabs.com',
               server_name => { mirror0 => 'warbler.example.com',
                                mirror1 => 'egret.example.com' }
             }
notice ( $main_site[port][https] )

This example manifest would log 443 as a notice.

Merging hashes

When hashes are merged (using the addition (+) operator), the keys in the constructed hash have the same order as in the original hashes, with the left hash keys ordered first, followed by any keys that appeared only in the hash on the right side of the merge.

Where a key exists in both hashes, the merged hash uses the value of the key in the hash to the right of the addition operator (+). For example:

$values = {'a' => 'a', 'b' => 'b'}
$overrides = {'a' => 'overridden'}
$result = $values + $overrides
notice($result)
-> {'a' => 'overridden', 'b' => 'b'}

The `Hash` data type

The data type of hashes is Hash. By default, Hash matches hashes of any size, as long as their keys match the abstract type Scalar and their values match the abstract type Data. You can use parameters to restrict which values Hash matches.

Parameters

The full signature for Hash is:

Hash[<KEY TYPE>, <VALUE TYPE>, <MIN SIZE>, <MAX SIZE>]

These parameters are optional. You must specify both key type and value type if you’re going to specify one of them. The parameters must be listed in order; if you need to specify a later parameter, you must also specify values for any prior ones.


Position	Parameter	Data type	Default value	Description
1	Key type	`Type`	`Scalar`	What kinds of values can be used as keys. If you specify a key type, a value type is mandatory.
2	Value type	`Type`	`Data`	What kinds of values can be used as values.
3	Minimum size	`Integer`	`0`	The minimum number of key-value pairs in the hash. This parameter accepts the special value `default`, which uses its default value.
4	Maximum size	`Integer`	infinite	The maximum number of key-value pairs in the hash. This parameter accepts the special value `default`, which uses its default value.

Examples:

Hash: Matches a hash of any length; all keys must match Scalar and any values must match Data.
Hash[Integer, String]: Matches a hash that uses integers for keys and strings for values.
Hash[Integer, String, 1]: Same as previous, and requires a non-empty hash.
Hash[Integer, String, 1, 8]: Same as previous, and with a maximum size of eight key-value pairs.

The abstract Struct data type lets you specify the exact keys allowed in a hash, as well as what value types are allowed for each key.

Other abstract types, particularly Variant and Enum, are useful when specifying a value type for hashes that include multiple kinds of data.