In Puppet and Hiera, you often need to work with structured data in hashes and arrays.

In the Puppet language, you can access hash and array members with square brackets, like $facts['networking']['fqdn']. Hiera doesn’t use square brackets; instead, it uses a key.subkey notation, like facts.networking.fqdn.

Key.subkey syntax

To access a single member of an array or hash, use the name of the value followed by a dot (.) and a subkey.

• If the value is an array, the subkey must be an integer, like users.8.
• If the value is a hash, the subkey must be the name of a key in that hash, like facts.os.

To access values in nested data structures, you can chain subkeys together. For example, since the value of facts.system_uptime is a hash, you can access its hours key with facts.system_uptime.hours.

Unlike the Puppet language’s square bracket notation, Hiera’s dotted notation doesn’t support using arbitrary expressions as subkeys; only literal keys are valid.

Quoting subkeys

It’s possible for a hash to include literal dots in the text of a key. For example, the value of $trusted['extensions'] is a hash containing any certificate extensions for a node, but some of its keys can raw OID strings like '1.3.6.1.4.1.34380.1.2.1'.

You can access those values in Hiera with key.subkey notation, but you must put quotes around the affected subkey. For example:

hierarchy:
  # ...
  - name: "Machine role (custom certificate extension)"
    path: "role/%{trusted.extensions.'1.3.6.1.4.1.34380.1.2.1'}.yaml"
  # ...

You can use either single or double quotes.

If the entire compound key is quoted (for example, as required by the lookup interpolation function), you must use the other kind of quote for the subkey, and you must also escape quotes (as needed by your data file format) to ensure that you don’t prematurely terminate the whole string. For example:

aliased_key: "%{lookup('other_key.\"dotted.subkey\"')}"
# Or:
aliased_key: "%{lookup(\"other_key.'dotted.subkey'\")}"

Where can you access hash and array elements?

You can access hash and array elements when:

• Interpolating variables into hiera.yaml or a data file. Many of the most commonly used variables, like facts and trusted, are deeply nested data structures.
• Using the lookup function or the puppet lookup command. If the value of lookup('some_key') would be a hash or array, you can look up a single member of it with lookup('some_key.subkey').
• Using interpolation functions that do Hiera lookups, like lookup and alias.