To configure the hierarchy for Hiera, edit Hiera’s configuration file, hiera.yaml.

This config file configures the hierarchy for a given layer of data.

This version of Puppet supports three formats for hiera.yaml — you can use any of them, although v4 and v3 are deprecated. This page is about version 5, the newest version.

Location of hiera.yaml

There are several hiera.yaml files in a normal deployment, because Hiera uses three layers of configuration, and the module and environment layers typically have multiple instances.

The config file locations for each layer are as follows:

Note: You can change the location for the global layer with Puppet’s hiera_config setting.

To provide backward compatibility for Puppet versions 4.0 to 4.4, if the hiera.yaml file exists in the global codedir, it takes precedence over a hiera.yaml in the global confdir. For Puppet to honor the hiera.yaml in the confdir, there must be no hiera.yaml file in the codedir.

Syntax

hiera.yaml is a YAML file, containing a hash with up to four top-level keys:

• version — Required. Must be the number 5, with no quotes.
• hierarchy — An array of hashes, which configures the levels of the hierarchy.
• default_hierarchy — An array of hashes, which sets a default hierarchy to be used only if the normal hierarchy entries do not result in a value.
• defaults — A hash, which can set a default datadir, backend, and options for hierarchy levels.

---
version: 5
defaults:  # Used for any hierarchy level that omits these keys.
  datadir: data         # This path is relative to hiera.yaml's directory.
  data_hash: yaml_data  # Use the built-in YAML backend.

hierarchy:
  - name: "Per-node data"                   # Human-readable name.
    path: "nodes/%{trusted.certname}.yaml"  # File path, relative to datadir.
                                   # ^^^ IMPORTANT: include the file extension!

  - name: "Per-datacenter business group data" # Uses custom facts.
    path: "location/%{facts.whereami}/%{facts.group}.yaml"

  - name: "Global business group data"
    path: "groups/%{facts.group}.yaml"

  - name: "Per-datacenter secret data (encrypted)"
    lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key   # Uses non-default backend.
    path: "secrets/%{facts.whereami}.eyaml"
    options:
      pkcs7_private_key: /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/eyaml/private_key.pkcs7.pem
      pkcs7_public_key:  /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/eyaml/public_key.pkcs7.pem

  - name: "Per-OS defaults"
    path: "os/%{facts.os.family}.yaml"

  - name: "Common data"
    path: "common.yaml"

Note: In hiera.yaml v3, keys had to begin with a colon (like :hierarchy). That is no longer needed.

The default configuration

If you omit the hierarchy and/or defaults keys, Hiera uses the following default values:

---
version: 5
hierarchy:
  - name: Common
    path: common.yaml
defaults:
  data_hash: yaml_data
  datadir: data

These defaults are only used if the file is present and specifies version: 5. If hiera.yaml is absent, it disables Hiera for that layer; if it specifies a different version, different defaults might apply.

The defaults key

The defaults key can set default values for the backend and datadir keys, which lets you omit those keys in your hierarchy levels.

The value of defaults must be a hash, which can have up to three keys:

• datadir — A default value for datadir, used for any file-based hierarchy level that doesn’t specify its own.
• A backend key, used for any hierarchy level that doesn’t specify its own. This must be one of:
  • data_hash
  • lookup_key
  • data_dig
  • hiera3_backend (global layer only)

• options — A default value for options, used for any hierarchy level that doesn’t specify its own.

  For the built-in backends (YAML, JSON, and HOCON), the key is always data_hash and the value is one of yaml_data, json_data, or hocon_data. If you want to set a custom backend as the default, you’ll need to check that backend’s documentation.

  Whichever key you use, the value must be the name of the custom Puppet function that implements the backend. For more details, see How custom backends work.

The hierarchy key

The hierarchy key configures the levels of the hierarchy.

The default_hierarchy key is a top-level key like the hierarchy key. It works exactly like the hierarchy key, but its values are used only if the normal hierarchy entries in the same module, or any of the higher precedence layers (environment or global) does not result in a value. Within this default hierarchy, the normal merging rules apply. However, the default_hierarchy is not permitted in environment or global layers.

For an explanation of how hierarchies work, see How hierarchies work. This page focuses on the syntax.

How to write an array of hashes

The value of hierarchy must be an array of hashes.

hierarchy:
  - name: "Per-node data"
    path: "nodes/%{trusted.certname}.yaml"

  - name: "Per-datacenter business group data"
    path: "location/%{facts.whereami}/%{facts.group}.yaml"

YAML has several ways to express an array of hashes. You can do whatever works, but here’s the easiest way:

• Begin each level of the hierarchy with:
  • Two spaces of indentation.
  • A hyphen (-).
  • Another space after the hyphen.
  • The first key of that level’s hash.
• Indent the rest of the hash’s keys by four spaces, so they line up with the first key.
• Put an empty line between hashes, to visually distinguish them.

Configuring a hierarchy level (built-in backends)

Hiera has three standard built-in backends: YAML, JSON, and HOCON. All of these use files as data sources.

You can use any combination of these backends in a hierarchy, and can also combine them with custom backends. But if most of your data is in one file format, be lazy: set default values for the datadir and data_hash keys.

Each YAML/JSON/HOCON hierarchy level needs the following keys:

• name — A name for this level, shown to humans in debug messages and --explain output.

• path, paths, glob, globs, or mapped_paths (choose one) — The data file(s) to use for this hierarchy level.

  These paths are relative to the datadir, they support variable interpolation, and they require a file extension. See below for more details.

• data_hash — Which backend to use; can be omitted if you set a default. The value must be one of the following:
  • yaml_data for YAML.
  • json_data for JSON.
  • hocon_data for HOCON.

• datadir — The directory where data files are kept; can be omitted if you set a default.

  This path is relative to hiera.yaml’s directory: if the config file is at /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/hiera.yaml and the datadir is set to data, the full path to the data directory is /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/data.

  In the global layer, you can optionally set the datadir to an absolute path; in the other layers, it must always be relative.

The only key that supports variable interpolation is the file path.

Specifying file paths

There are four options for specifying a file path. You can only use one of these keys in a given hierarchy level.

Explicit file extensions are required — use something like common.yaml, not just common. (This is a change from prior versions of hiera.yaml, which magically guessed file extensions.)

File paths are relative to the datadir: if the full datadir is /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/data and the file path is set to "nodes/%{trusted.certname}.yaml", the full path to the file is /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/data/nodes/<NODE NAME>.yaml. (Absolute file paths are also allowed, but are rarely practical.)

Whichever approach you choose, most of your hierarchy levels should interpolate variables into the path, since that’s what makes Hiera useful. For more information about crafting useful hierarchies, see How hierarchies work.

Globs

Globs are implemented with Ruby’s Dir.glob method. In short:

• One asterisk (*) matches a run of characters.
• Two asterisks (**) matches any depth of nested directories.
• A question mark (?) matches one character.
• Comma-separated lists in curly braces ({one,two}) match any option in the list.
• Sets of characters in square brackets ([abcd]) match any character in the set.
• A backslash (\) escapes special characters.

Example:

  - name: "Domain or network segment"
    glob: "network/**/{%{facts.networking.domain},%{facts.networking.interfaces.en0.bindings.0.network}}.yaml"

Mapped paths

The mapped_paths key must contain three string elements, in the following order:

1. A variable whose value is an array or hash.
2. A temporary variable name to represent each element of the array or hash. This variable name, shown as tmp in the examples, is used only in the path in this key.
3. A path where that temporary variable can be used in interpolation expressions.

If the first variable is an array of strings, interpolate the temporary variable without using key.subkey notation. For example, for a fact named $services that contains the array [“a”, “b”, “c”], the mapped_paths key looks like this:

- name: Example
  mapped_paths: [services, tmp, "service/%{tmp}/common.yaml"]

This gives the same results as if paths had been specified as:

- service/a/common.yaml
- service/b/common.yaml
- service/c/common.yaml

If the first variable is a hash, then the temporary variable’s value is always a [key,value] array. When interpolating the temporary variable, use key.subkey notation to get the part you want: tmp.0 for the key name or tmp.1 for the value. If the value is a nested hash, also specify the key name for the values you want to retrieve, such as tmp.1.keyname.

For example, to find the value of the network fact:

- name: Networks
  mapped_paths: [facts.networking.interfaces, interface, "networks/%{interface.1.network}.yaml"]

results in:

…
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/10.0.24.0.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/127.0.0.0.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"
        - "networks/.yaml"

In this example, where there is no value for interface.1.network, the result is “networks/.yaml”. The effective results are 10.0.24.0 and 127.0.0.0.

Configuring a hierarchy level (hiera-eyaml)

Hiera 5 (Puppet 4.9.3 and later) includes a native interface for the Hiera eyaml extension, which keeps data encrypted on disk but lets Puppet read it during catalog compilation.

To learn how to create keys and edit encrypted files, see the Hiera eyaml documentation.

Within hiera.yaml, the eyaml backend mostly resembles the standard built-in backends, with a few differences. (It uses lookup_key instead of data_hash, and requires an options key to locate decryption keys.)

Important: To use the eyaml backend, you must have the hiera-eyaml gem installed where Puppet can use it. You’ll need to install it twice:

• To enable eyaml with Puppet Server, use sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppetserver gem install hiera-eyaml.
• To enable eyaml on the command line and with puppet apply, use sudo /opt/puppetlabs/puppet/bin/gem install hiera-eyaml.

Each eyaml hierarchy level needs the following keys:

• name — A name for this level, shown to humans in debug messages and --explain output.
• lookup_key — Which backend to use. The value must be eyaml_lookup_key. (Use this instead of the data_hash setting.)

• path, paths, glob, or globs (choose one) — The data file(s) to use for this hierarchy level.

  These paths are relative to the datadir, they support variable interpolation, and they require a file extension. (In this case, you’ll usually use .eyaml.) They work the same way they do for the standard backends.

• datadir — The directory where data files are kept; can be omitted if you set a default. Works the same way it does for the standard backends.
• options — A hash of options specific to hiera-eyaml, mostly used to configure decryption. For the default encryption method, this hash must have the following keys:
  • pkcs7_private_key — The location of the PKCS7 private key to use.
  • pkcs7_public_key — The location of the PKCS7 public key to use.

  If you use an alternate encryption plugin, its docs should specify which options to set. You’ll usually set an encrypt_method option, plus some plugin-specific options to replace the pkcs7_ ones.

  Note that you can use normal strings as keys in this hash; you don’t need to use :symbols.

The file path and the options both support variable interpolation.

An example hierarchy level:

hierarchy:
  - name: "Per-datacenter secret data (encrypted)"
    lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
    path: "secrets/%{facts.whereami}.eyaml"
    options:
      pkcs7_private_key: /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/eyaml/private_key.pkcs7.pem
      pkcs7_public_key:  /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/eyaml/public_key.pkcs7.pem

Configuring a hierarchy level (legacy Hiera 3 backends)

Note: This feature is a temporary measure, to let you start using Hiera’s new features while waiting for backend updates. We expect to remove Hiera 3 backend support in Puppet 6.

If you rely on custom data backends designed for Hiera 3, you can use them in your global hierarchy. (They are not supported at the environment or module layers.)

Each legacy hierarchy level needs the following keys:

• name — A name for this level, shown to humans in debug messages and --explain output.

• path or paths (choose one) — The data file(s) to use for this hierarchy level.

  For file-based backends, include the file extension, even though you would have omitted it in the v3 hiera.yaml file.

  For non-file backends, don’t use a file extension.

• hiera3_backend — The legacy backend to use. This is the same name you’d use in the v3 config file’s :backends key.

• datadir — The directory where data files are kept. Only set this if your backend required a :datadir setting in its backend-specific options.

  This path is relative to hiera.yaml’s directory: if the config file is at /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/hiera.yaml and the datadir is set to data, the full path to the data directory is /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/data.

  In the global layer, you can optionally set the datadir to an absolute path.

• options — A hash, with any backend-specific options (other than datadir) required by your backend. In the v3 config, this would have been in a top-level key named after the backend.

  You can use normal strings as keys; Hiera automatically converts them to symbols for the backend.

The following example shows roughly equivalent v3 and v5 hiera.yaml files using legacy backends:

# hiera.yaml v3
---
:backends:
  - mongodb
  - xml

:mongodb:
  :connections:
    :dbname: hdata
    :collection: config
    :host: localhost

:xml:
  :datadir: /some/other/dir

:hierarchy:
  - "%{trusted.certname}"
  - "common"

# hiera.yaml v5
---
version: 5
hierarchy:
  - name: MongoDB
    hiera3_backend: mongodb
    paths:
      - "%{trusted.certname}"
      - common
    options:
      connections:
        dbname: hdata
        collection: config
        host: localhost

  - name: Data in XML
    hiera3_backend: xml
    datadir: /some/other/dir
    paths:
      - "%{trusted.certname}.xml"
      - common.xml

Configuring a hierarchy level (general format)

Hiera supports custom backends, which don’t always act like the built-in backends.

Your backend’s documentation should explain how to configure hierarchy levels for it, so you won’t usually have to consult these rules. They’re presented here as an aid for backend authors, and as a fallback in case of incomplete backend docs.

Each hierarchy level is represented by a hash, which needs the following keys:

• name — A name for this level, shown to humans in debug messages and --explain output.
• A backend key, which must be one of:
  • data_hash
  • lookup_key
  • data_dig
  • hiera3_backend (global layer only)

  The backend determines which key you must use, so you’ll have to check its documentation. In general, file-based backends usually use data_hash, fast non-file backends usually use lookup_key, and slow non-file backends usually use data_dig.

  Whichever key you use, the value must be the name of the custom Puppet function that implements the backend. For more details, see How custom backends work.

• A path or URI key (only if required by the backend). These keys support variable interpolation. The following path/URI keys are available:
  • path
  • paths
  • glob
  • globs
  • uri
  • uris

  path(s) and glob(s) work the same way they do for the built-in backends. Hiera handles the work of locating files, so any backend that supports path automatically supports paths, glob, and globs.

  uri (string) and uris (array) can represent any kind of data source. Hiera doesn’t ensure URIs are resolvable before calling the backend, and doesn’t need to understand any given URI schema.

  It’s also possible for a backend to omit the path/URI key, and rely wholly on the options key to locate its data.

• datadir — The directory where data files are kept; the path is relative to hiera.yaml’s directory. Only required if the backend uses the path(s) and glob(s) keys, and can be omitted if you set a default.
• options — A hash of arbitrary extra options for the backend; for example, database credentials or the location of a decryption key. See the backend’s documentation for details. All values in the options hash support variable interpolation.